5G is a technology that is transforming industry, society, and how we communicate and live in ways we’ve yet to imagine. Communication Service Providers (CSPs) are at the heart of this technological transformation. Although 5G builds on existing 4G infrastructure, 5G networks deployed at scale will require a complete redesign of communication infrastructure. 5G network transformation is undergoing, where more than 220 operators in more than 85 countries have already launched services, and they have realized that operational agility and accelerated deployment model in such a decentralized and cloud-native landscape are considered a must-have to meet customer demands for new innovative capabilities, services, and digital experiences for both Telecom and vertical industries. This is accompanied by the promise of cloud native architectures and open and flexible deployments, which enable CSPs to scale and enable new data-driven architectures in an open ecosystem. While the initial deployments of 5G are based on the Virtualized Radio Access Network (vRAN), which offers CSPs enhanced operational efficiency and flexibility to fulfill the needs of 5G customers, Open RAN expands vRAN's design concepts as well as goals and is truly considered the future. Although O-RAN disaggregates the network, providing network operators more flexibility in terms of how their networks are built and allowing them the benefits of interoperability, the trade-off for the flexibility is typically increased operational complexity, which incurs additional costs of continuous testing, validation, and integration of the 5G RAN system components, which are now provided by a diverse set of suppliers.

Another aspect of this growing complexity is the need for denser networks. Although powerful, new 5G antennas and RAN gear required to attain maximum bandwidth cover substantially less distance than 4G macro cells operating at lower frequencies. This means similar coverage requires more 5G hardware and supporting software. Adding the essential gear for 5G networks can dramatically raise operational costs, but the hardware is only a portion of these costs. The expenses of maintaining a network include the time and money spent on configuration changes, testing, monitoring, repairs, and upgrades.

For most nationwide operators, Edge and RAN cell sites are widely deployed and geographically dispersed across the nation. As network densification increases, it becomes impractical to manually onboard thousands of servers across multiple sites. CSPs need to create a strategy for incorporating greater automation into their network and continue service operations to ensure robust connectivity, manage to expand network complexities, and preserve cost efficiencies without the need for a complete "rip and replace" strategy.

As CSPs migrate to an edge-computing architecture, a new set of requirements emerges. As workloads move closer to the network's edge, CSPs must still maintain ultra-high availability often 5-6 nines. Legacy technology is incapable of attaining this degree of availability.

Scalability, specifically down to a single node with a small footprint at the edge. When a single network reaches tens of thousands of cell sites, you simply cannot afford to have a significant physical footprint with many servers. As a result, the need for a new architecture that can scale up and down grew. As applications grow more real-time, ultra-low latency at the edge is required.  CSPs need in-built lifecycle management to perform live software upgrades and manage this environment. Finally, CSPs are demanding more and more open-source software for their networks. Wind River Studio addresses each of these network issues.

Wind River Studio Cloud Platform, which is the StarlingX project with commercial support, provides a production-grade distributed Kubernetes solution for managing edge cloud infrastructure. In addition to the Kubernetes-based Wind River Studio Cloud Platform, Studio also provides orchestration (Wind River Studio Conductor) and analytics (Wind River Studio Analytics) capabilities so operators can deploy and manage their intelligent 5G edge networks globally.

Mobile Network Operators who adopt vRAN and Open RAN must integrate cloud platform software on optimized and tuned hardware to create a cloud platform for vRAN and Open RAN applications. Dell and Wind River have worked together to create a fully engineered, pre-integrated solution designed to streamline 5G vRAN and Open RAN design, deployment, and lifecycle management.  Dell Telecom Infrastructure Blocks for Wind River integrate Dell Bare Metal Orchestrator (BMO) and Wind River Studio on Dell PowerEdge servers to provide factory-integrated building blocks for deploying ultra-low latency, vRAN and Open RAN networks with centralized, zero-touch provisioning and management capabilities.

Key Advantages:

• Reduces the complexity of integration and lifecycle management in a highly distributed, disaggregated network, allowing lower operating costs while reducing time to deploy new services while accelerating innovation.
• Dell's comprehensive, factory-integrated solution simplifies supply chain management by reducing the number of components and suppliers needed to build out the network. In addition, to back-haul optimization by preloading all software needed for day-0 and day-1 automation. 
• It has been thoroughly tested and includes design guidance for building and scaling out a network that provides low latency, redundancy, and High Availability (HA) for carrier-grade RAN Applications.
• Simplified support with Dell providing single contact support for the whole stack including all hardware and software from Dell and Wind River with an option for carrier-grade support. 
• Reduces the total cost of ownership (TCO) for CSPs by deploying a fully integrated, validated, and production-ready vRAN/O-RAN cloud infrastructure solution with a smaller footprint, low latency, and operational simplicity.

Wind River Studio Cloud Platform Architecture

Wind River Studio Cloud Platform Distributed Cloud configuration supports an edge computing solution by providing central management and orchestration for a geographically distributed network of cloud platform systems with easy installation with support for complete Zero Touch Provisioning of the entire cloud, from the Central Region to all the Sub-Clouds

The architecture features a synchronized distributed control plane for reduced latency, with an autonomous control plane such that all sub-cloud local services are operational even during loss of Northbound connectivity to the Central Region (Distributed cloud system controllers cluster location) which is quite important because Studio Cloud Platform can scale horizontal or vertical independent from the main cloud in the regional data center (RDC) or in National Data center (NDC). 

Cell Sites, or sub-clouds, are geographically dispersed edge sites of varying sizes. Dell Telecom Infrastructure Blocks for Wind River cell site installations can be either All-in-One Simplex (AIO- SX), AIO Duplex (DX), or All-in-One (AIO) DX + workers. For a typical AIO SX deployment, at least one server is needed in a sub-cloud. Remote worker sites running Bare Metal Orchestrator are where sub-clouds are set up.

• AIO-SX (All-In-One Simplex) - A complete hyper-converged cloud with no HA, with ultra-low cloud platform overhead of 2 physical cores and 64G Memory, and 500G Disk, which is required to run the cloud, while the rest of the CPU cores, memory, and disk are used for the applications.
• AIO-DX (All-In-One Duplex) - Same as AIO-SX except that it runs on 2 servers to provide High Availability (HA) up to 6-9's. 
• AIO-DX (All-In-One Duplex) +Workers - Two nodes plus a set of worker nodes (starting small and growing as workload demands increase) 

The Central Site at the RDC is deployed as a standard cluster across three Dell PowerEdge R750 servers, two of which are the controller nodes and one of which is a worker node, The Central Site also known as the system controller, provides orchestration and synchronization services for up to 1000 distributed sub-clouds, or cell sites. Controller-0, Controller-1, and Workers-0 through n are the various controllers in the system. To implement AIO DX, both Controller-0 and Controller-1 are required.  

Wind River Studio Conductor runs in the National Data Center (NDC) as an orchestrator and infrastructure automation manager. It integrates with Dell's Bare Metal Orchestrator (BMO) to provide complete end-to-end automation for the full hardware and software stack. Additionally, it provides a centralized point of control for managing and automating application deployment in an environment that is large-scale and distributed.

Studio Conductor receives information from Bare Metal Orchestrator as new cell sites come online. Studio Conductor instructs the system controller (CaaS manager) to install, bootstrap, and deploy Studio Cloud Platform at the cell sites. It supports TOSCA (Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Application) based blueprint modeling. (Blueprints are policies that enable orchestration modeling.) Studio Conductor uses blueprints to map services to all distributed clouds and determine the right place to deploy. It also includes built-in secret storage to securely store password keys internally, reducing threat opportunities.

Studio Conductor can adapt and integrate with existing orchestration solutions. The plug-in architecture allows it to accommodate new and old technologies, so it can easily be extended to accommodate evolving requirements.

Wind River Studio Analytics is an integrated data collection, monitoring, analysis, and reporting tool used to optimize distributed network operations. Studio Analytics specifically solves a unique use case for the distributed edge.  It provides visibility and operational insights into the Studio Cloud Platform from a Kubernetes and application workload perspective. Studio Analytics has a built-in alerting system with the ability to integrate with several third-party monitoring systems. Studio Analytics uses technology from Elastic. co as a foundation to take data reliably and securely from any source and format, then search, analyze, and visualize it in real time. Studio Analytics also uses the Kibana product from Elastic as an open user interface to visually display the data in a dashboard.

Dell Telecom Multi-Cloud Foundation Infrastructure Blocks provides a validated, automated, and factory integrated engineered system that paves the way for the zero-touch deployment of 5G Telco Cloud Infrastructure, to operation and management of the lifecycle of vRAN and Open RAN sites, all of which contribute to a high-performing network that lessens the cost, time, complexity, and risk of deploying and maintaining a telco cloud for the delivery of 5G services.

To learn more about our solution, please visit the Dell Telecom Multi-Cloud Foundation solutions site

Authored by: 
Gaurav Gangwal
Senior Principal Engineer – Technical Marketing, Product Management

About the author:

Gaurav Gangwal works in Dell's Telecom Systems Business (TSB) as a Technical Marketing Engineer on the Product Management team. He is currently focused on 5G products and solutions for RAN, Edge, and Core. Prior to joining Dell in July 2022, he worked for AT&T for over ten years and previously with Viavi, Alcatel-Lucent, and Nokia. Gaurav has an engineering degree in electronics and telecommunications and has worked in the telecommunications industry for about 14 years. He currently resides in Bangalore, India.

In the first blog of this 5G Core series, we looked at the concept of cloud-native design, its applications in the 5G network, the benefits and how Dell and Red Hat are simplifying the deployment and management of cloud-native 5G networks.

With this second blog post we aim to demystify the 5G Core network, its architecture, and how it stands apart from its predecessors. We will delve into the core network functions, the role of Cloud-Native architecture, the concept of network slicing, and how these elements come together to define the 5G Network Architecture.

The essence of 5G Core

5G Core, often abbreviated as 5GC, is the heart of the 5G network. It is the control center that governs all the protocols, network interfaces, and services that make the 5G system function seamlessly. The 5G Core is the brainchild of 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), a standards organization whose specifications cover cellular telecommunications technologies, including radio access, core network and service capabilities, which provide a complete system description for mobile telecommunications.

The 5G Core is not just an upgrade from the 4G core network, it is a radical transformation designed to revolutionize the mobile network landscape. It is built to handle a broader audience, extending its reach to all industry sectors and time-critical applications, such as autonomous driving. The 5G core is responsible for managing a wide variety of functions within the mobile network that make it possible for users to communicate. These functions include mobility management, authentication, authorization, data management, policy management, and quality of service (QOS) for end users.

5G Network Architecture: What You Need to Know

5G was built from the ground up, with network functions divided by service. As a result, this architecture¹ is also known as the 5G core Service-Based Architecture (SBA), The 5G core is a network of interconnected services, as illustrated in the figure below.

3GPP defines that 5G Core Network as a decomposed network architecture with a service-based Architecture (SBA) where each 5G Network Function (NF) can subscribe to and register for services from other NF, using HTTP/2 as a baseline communication protocol. 

A second concept in the architecture of 5G is to decrease dependencies between the Access Network (AN) and the Core Network (CN) by employing a unified access-agnostic core network with a common interface between the Access Network and Core Network that integrates diverse 3GPP and non-3GPP access type.

In addition, the 5G core decouples the user plane (UP) (or data plane) from the control plane (CP).This function, which is known as CUPS² (Control & User Plane Separation), was first introduced in 3GPP release 14. An important characteristic of this function being that,  in case of a traffic peak, you can dynamically scale the CP functions without affecting the user plane operations, allowing deployment of UP functions (UPF) closer to the RAN and User Equipment (UE) to support use cases like Ultra Reliable low latency Communication (URLLC) and achieve benefits in both Capex and Opex.

5G Core Network Functions and What They Do

The 5G Core Network is composed of various network functions, each serving a unique purpose. These functions communicate internally and externally over well-defined standard interfaces, making the 5G network highly flexible and agile. Let's take a closer look at some³ of the critical 5G Core Network functions:

User Plane Function (UPF)

The User Plane Function is a critical component of the 5G core network architecture It oversees the managment of user data during the data transmission process. The UPF serves as a connection point between the RAN and the data network. It takes user data from the RAN and performs a variety of functions like as packet inspection, traffic routing, packet processing, and QoS enforcement before delivering it to the Data Network or Internet. This function allows the data plane to be shifted closer to the network edge, resulting in faster data rates and shorter latencies. The UPF combines the user traffic transport functions previously performed in 4G by the Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) in the 4G Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

UPF Interfaces/reference points with employed protocols:

• N3 (GTP-U): Interface between the RAN (gNB) and the UPF
• N9 (GTP-U): Interface between two UPF’s (i.e the Intermediate I-UPF and the UPF Session Anchor)
• N6 (GTP-U): Interface between the Data Network (DN) and the UPF
• N4 (PFCP): Interface between the Session Management Function (SMF) and the UPF  

Session Management Function (SMF)

The Session Management Function (SMF) is crucial element that make up the 5G Core Network responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating network sessions for User Equipment (UE). The SMF carries out these tasks using network protocols such as Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) and Network Function-specific Service-based interface (Nsmf).

SMF communicates with other network functions like the Policy Control Function (PCF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), and the UPF to ensure seamless data flow, effective policy enforcement, and efficient use of network resources. It also plays a significant role in handling Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, routing information, and charging characteristics for individual network sessions.

SMF brings some control plane functionality of the serving gateway control plane (SGW-C) and packet gateway control plane (PGW-C) in addition to providing the session management functionality of the 4G Mobility Management Entity (MME).

Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)

The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) oversees the management of connections and mobility. It receives policy control, session-related, and authentication information from the end devices and passes the session information to the PCF, SMF and other network functions. In the 4G/EPC network, the corresponding network element to the AMF is the Mobility Management Entity. While the MME's functionality has been decomposed in the 5G core network, the AMF retains some of these roles, focusing primarily on connection and mobility management, and forwarding session management messages to the SMF.

Additionally, the AMF retrieves subscription information and supports short message service (SMS). It identifies a network slice using the Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S- NSSAI), which includes the Slice/Service Type (SST) and Slice Differentiator (SD). The AMF's operations enable the management of Registration, Reachability, Connection, and Mobility of UE, making it an essential component of the 5G Core Network.  

Policy Control Function (PCF)

The Policy Control Function (PCF) provides the framework for creating policies to be consumed by the other control plane network functions. These policies can include aspects like QOS, Subscriber Spending/Usage Monitoring, network slicing management, and management of subscribers, applications, and network resources. The PCF in the 5G network serves as a policy decision point, like the PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) in 4G/EPC Network. It communicates with other network elements such as the AMF, SMF, and Unified Data Management (UDM) to acquire critical information and make sound policy decisions.

Unified Data Management (UDM) and Unified Data Repository (UDR)

The Unified Data Management (UDM) and Unified Data Repository(UDR) are critical components of the 5G core network. The UDM maintains subscriber data, policies, and other associated information, while the UDR stores this data. They collaborate to conduct data management responsibilities that were previously handled by the HSS (Home Subscriber Server) in the 4G EPC. When compared to the HSS, the UDM and UDR provide greater flexibility and efficiency, supporting the enhanced capabilities of the 5G network.

Network Exposure Function (NEF)

The Network Exposure Function (NEF) is another key component of 5G core network that enables network operators to securely expose network functionality and interfaces on a granular level by creating a bridge between the 5G core network and external application (E.g., internal exposure/re-exposure, Edge Computing). The NEF also provides a means for the Application Functions (AFs) to securely provide information to 3GPP network (E.g., Expected UE Behavior).

The NEF northbound interface is between the NEF and the AF. It specifies RESTful APIs that allow the AF to access the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network entities and securely exposed by the NEF. It communicates with each NF through a southbound interface facilitated by a northbound API. The 3GPP interface refers to the southbound interface between NEF and 5G network functions, such as the N29 interface between NEF and Session Management Function (SMF), the N30 interface between NEF and Policy Control Function (PCF), and so on.

By opening the network's capabilities to third-party applications, NEF enables a seamless connection between network capabilities and business requirements, optimizing network resource allocation and enhancing the overall business experience.

Network Repository Function (NRF)

The Network Resource Function (NRF) serves as critical component required to implement the new service-based architecture in the 5G core network which serves as a centralized repository for all NF’s instances. It is in charge of managing the lifecycle of NF profiles, which includes registering new profiles, updating old ones, and deregistering those that are no longer in use. The NRF offers a standards-based API for 5G NF registration and discovery.  

Technically, NRF operates by storing data about all Network Function (NF) instances, including their supported functionalities, services, and capacities. When a new NF instance is instantiated, it registers with the NRF, providing all the necessary details. Subsequently, any NF that needs to communicate with another NF can query the NRF for the target NF's instance details. Upon receiving this query, the NRF responds with the most suitable NF instance information based on the requested service and capacity.

How Does the 5G Core Differ from Previous Generations?  

The primary architectural distinction between the 5G Core and the 4G EPC is that the 5G Core makes use of the Service-Based Architecture (SBA) with cloud-native flexible configurations of loosely coupled and independent NFs deployed as containerized microservices. The microservices based architecture provides the ability for NFs to scale and upgrade independently of each other which is significant benefit to CSPs. The 4G EPC, on the other hand, employs a flat architecture for efficient data handling with network components deployed as physical network elements in most cases and the interface between core network elements was specified as point-to-point running proprietary protocols and was not scalable.

Another significant distinction between 5G Core and EPC is the formation of the control plane (CP). The control plane functionality is more intelligently shared between Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) and Session Management Functions (SMF) in the 5G Core than the MME and SGW/PGW in the 4G/EPC. This separation allows for more efficient scaling of network resources and improved network performance. 

In addition to the design and functional updates, the business' priorities with 5G have been updated. With 5GC, CSPs are moving away from proprietary, vertically integrated systems and shifting to cloud-native and open source-based platforms like Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform that runs on industry standard hardware. This helps improve the responsiveness while also cutting the operating expenses will be the primary focus going forward with 5G Core for CSPs. 

Key distinctions between the 4G LTE and 5G QoS models 

The key distinctions between 4G LTE and 5G QoS models primarily lie in their approach to quality-of-service enforcement and their level of complexity. In 4G LTE, QoS is enforced at the EPS bearer level (S5/S8 + E-RAB) with each bearer assigned an EPS bearer ID. On the other hand, 5G QoS is a more flexible approach that enforces QoS at the QoS flow level. Each QoS flow is identified by a QoS Flow ID (QFI).  

Furthermore, the process of ensuring end-to-end QoS for a Packet Data Unit (PDU) session in 5G involves packet classification, user plane marking, and mapping to radio resources. Data Packets are classified into QoS flows by UPF using Packet Detection Rules (PDRs) for downlink and QoS rules for uplink.

5G leverages Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) for mapping between a QOS flow from the 5G core network and a data radio bearer (DRB). This level of control and adaptability provides an improved QoS model in 5G as compared to 4G networks. 

The Power of Cloud-Native Architecture in 5G Core 

One of the standout features of the 5G Core is its cloud-native architecture. This architecture allows the 5G core network to be built with microservices that can be reused for supporting other network functions. The 5G core leverages technologies like microservices, containers, orchestration, CI/CD pipelines, APIs, and service meshes, making it more agile and flexible. 

With Cloud-Native architecture, 5G Core can be easily deployed and operated, offering a cost-effective solution that complies with regulatory requirements and supports a wide range of use cases. The adherence to cloud-native principles is of utmost importance as it allows for the independent scaling of components and their dynamic placement based on service demands and resource availability. This architecture also allows for network slicing, which enables the creation of end-to-end virtual networks on top of a shared infrastructure.    

Network Slicing: Enabling a Range of 5G Services

Network Slicing is considered as one of the key features by 3GPP in 5G.  A network slice can be looked like a logical end-to-end network that can be dynamically created. A UE may access to multiple slices over the same gNB, within a network slice, UEs can create PDU sessions to different Gateways via Data network name (DNNs). This architecture allows operators to provide a custom Quality of Service (QoS) for different services and/or customers with agreed upon Service-level Agreement (SLA).

The Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) plays a vital role in the network slicing architecture of 5G Core. It facilitates the process of selecting the appropriate network slice for a device based on the Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI) specified by the device. When a device sends a registration request, it mentions the NSSAI, thereby indicating its network slice preference. The NSSF uses this information to determine which network slice would best meet the device's requirements and accordingly assigns the device to that network slice. This ability to customize network slices based on specific needs is a defining feature of 5G network slicing, enabling a single physical network infrastructure to cater to a diverse range of services with contrasting QOS requirements. To read and learn more on Network Slicing check out this amazing blog post To slice or not to slice | Dell Technologies Info Hub.

Next steps

To learn how Dell and Red Hat are helping CSPs in their cloud-native journey, see the blog Cloud-native or Bust: Telco Cloud Platforms and 5G Core Migration on Info Hub. In the next blog of the 5G Core series, we will explore the collaboration between Dell Technologies and Red Hat to simplify operator processes, starting from the initial technology onboarding all the way to Day 2 operations. The focus is on deploying a telco cloud that supports 5G core network functions using Dell Telecom Infrastructure Blocks for Red Hat.  

To learn more about about Telecom Infrastructure Blocks for Red Hat, kindly visit our website Dell Telecom Multi-Cloud Foundation solutions.

¹ The 5G Architecture shown here is the simplified version, there are other 5G NFs like UDSF, SCP, BSF, SEPP, NWDAF, N3IWF etc. not shown here.

² CUPS is a pre-5G technology (5G Standalone (SA) was introduced in 3GPP Rel-15). 5G SA offers more innovation with the ability to change anchors (SSC Mode 3), daisy chain UPFs, and connect to multiple UPFs.

³ The Network Functions mentioned in this section are a subset of the standardized NFs in 5G Core network.  

Authored by:

Gaurav Gangwal

Senior Principal Engineer – Technical Marketing, Product Management

About the author:

Gaurav Gangwal works in Dell's Telecom Systems Business (TSB) as a Technical Marketing Engineer on the Product Management team. He is currently focused on 5G products and solutions for RAN, Edge, and Core. Prior to joining Dell in July 2022, he worked for AT&T for over ten years and previously with Viavi, Alcatel-Lucent, and Nokia. Gaurav has an Engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunications and has worked in the telecommunications industry for about 14+ years. He currently resides in Bangalore, India.

Kevin Gray

Senior Consultant, Product Marketing – Product Marketing

About the author:

Kevin Gray leads marketing for Dell Technologies Telecom Systems Business Foundations solutions. He has more than 25 years of experience in telecommunications and enterprise IT sectors. His most recent roles include leading marketing teams for Dell’s telecommunications, enterprise solutions and hybrid cloud businesses. He received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts in Amherst and his MBA from Bentley University.  He was born and raised in the Boston area and is a die-hard Boston sports fan.

The 5G Core Network is composed of various network functions, each serving a unique purpose. These functions communicate internally and externally over well-defined standard interfaces, making the 5G network highly flexible and agile. Let's take a closer look at some3 of the critical 5G Core Network functions: