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D@RE can also be deployed with external key managers using the OASIS Key Management Interoperability Protocol (KMIP), which allows for a separation of key management from PowerMax arrays. KMIP is an industry standard that defines message formats for the manipulation of cryptographic keys on a key management server. External key managers provide support for consolidated key management and allows integration between PowerMax arrays with an existing key management infrastructure. They also provide the ability to non-disruptively migrate keys from an embedded key manager. External key management can cluster multiple key server appliances and separate key ownership and management individually while providing a centralized audit log.